Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Facilitates Intracellular Uptake of RNA Aptamer Apt 21-2 Without Inducing an Inflammatory or Interferon Response

RNA aptamers are synthetic single stranded RNA oligonucleotides that function analogously End Table Set to antibodies.Recently, they have shown promise for use in treating inflammatory skin disease as, unlike antibody-based biologics, they are able to enter the skin following topical administration.However, it is important to understand the inflamm

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Factors affecting catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment from medical expenses in China: policy implications of universal health insurance

OBJECTIVE: To assess the degree to which the Chinese people are protected from catastrophic household expenditure and impoverishment from medical expenses and to explore the health system and structural factors influencing the first of these outcomes.METHODS: Data were derived from the Fourth National Health Service Survey.An analysis of catastroph

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Understanding learning through uncertainty and bias

Abstract Learning allows humans and other animals to make predictions about the environment that facilitate adaptive behavior.Casting learning as predictive inference can shed light on normative cognitive mechanisms that improve predictions under uncertainty.Drawing on normative learning models, we illustrate how learning should be adjusted to diff

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